# Workspaces

npm command-line interface

# Workspaces @11.12.0

Working with workspaces

## Table of contents

- Description
- Defining workspaces
- Getting started with workspaces
- Adding dependencies to a workspace
- Using workspaces
- Running commands in the context of workspaces
- Ignoring missing scripts
- See also

### Description

Workspaces is a generic term that refers to the set of features in the npm cli that provides support for managing multiple packages from your local file system from within a singular top-level, root package.

This set of features makes up for a much more streamlined workflow handling linked packages from the local file system. It automates the linking process as part of `npm install` and removes the need to manually use `npm link` in order to add references to packages that should be symlinked into the current `node_modules` folder.

We also refer to these packages being auto-symlinked during `npm install` as a single workspace, meaning it's a nested package within the current local file system that is explicitly defined in the `package.json` `workspaces` configuration.

### Defining workspaces

Workspaces are usually defined via the `workspaces` property of the `package.json` file, e.g:

    {
      "name": "my-workspaces-powered-project",
      "workspaces": [
        "packages/a"
      ]
    }

Given the above `package.json` example living at a current working directory `.` that contains a folder named `packages/a` that itself contains a `package.json` inside it, defining a Node.js package, e.g:

    .
    +-- package.json
    `-- packages
       +-- a
       |   `-- package.json

The expected result once running `npm install` in this current working directory `.` is that the folder `packages/a` will get symlinked to the `node_modules` folder of the current working dir.

Below is a post `npm install` example, given that same previous example structure of files and folders:

    .
    +-- node_modules
    |  `-- a -> ../packages/a
    +-- package-lock.json
    +-- package.json
    `-- packages
       +-- a
       |   `-- package.json

### Getting started with workspaces

You may automate the required steps to define a new workspace using npm init. For example in a project that already has a `package.json` defined you can run:

    npm init -w ./packages/a

This command will create the missing folders and a new `package.json` file (if needed) while also making sure to properly configure the `"workspaces"` property of your root project `package.json`.

### Adding dependencies to a workspace

It's possible to directly add/remove/update dependencies of your workspaces using the `workspace` config.

For example, assuming the following structure:

    .
    +-- package.json
    `-- packages
       +-- a
       |   `-- package.json
       `-- b
           `-- package.json

If you want to add a dependency named `abbrev` from the registry as a dependency of your workspace a, you may use the workspace config to tell the npm installer that package should be added as a dependency of the provided workspace:

    npm install abbrev -w a

Adding a workspace as a dependency of another workspace:

The same approach works when adding one workspace as a dependency of another. If you want to add workspace b as a dependency of workspace a, run:

    npm install b -w a

npm will detect that b is a workspace and automatically symlink it rather than fetching it from the registry. The resulting entry in workspace a's `package.json` will use a standard version range:

    {
      "dependencies": {
        "b": "^1.0.0"
      }
    }

Note: other installing commands such as `uninstall`, `ci`, etc will also respect the provided `workspace` configuration.

### Using workspaces

Given the specifics of how Node.js handles module resolution it's possible to consume any defined workspace by its declared `package.json` `name`. Continuing from the example defined above, let's also create a Node.js script that will require the workspace `a` example module, e.g:

    // ./packages/a/index.js
    module.exports = 'a'

    // ./lib/index.js
    const moduleA = require('a')
    console.log(moduleA) // -> a

When running it with:

`node lib/index.js`

This demonstrates how the nature of `node_modules` resolution allows for workspaces to enable a portable workflow for requiring each workspace in such a way that is also easy to publish these nested workspaces to be consumed elsewhere.

### Running commands in the context of workspaces

You can use the `workspace` configuration option to run commands in the context of a configured workspace. Additionally, if your current directory is in a workspace, the `workspace` configuration is implicitly set, and `prefix` is set to the root workspace.

Following is a quick example on how to use the `npm run` command in the context of nested workspaces. For a project containing multiple workspaces, e.g:

    .
    +-- package.json
    `-- packages
       +-- a
       |   `-- package.json
       `-- b
           `-- package.json

By running a command using the `workspace` option, it's possible to run the given command in the context of that specific workspace. e.g:

    npm run test --workspace=a

You could also run the command within the workspace.

    cd packages/a && npm run test

Either will run the `test` script defined within the `./packages/a/package.json` file.

Please note that you can also specify this argument multiple times in the command-line in order to target multiple workspaces, e.g:

    npm run test --workspace=a --workspace=b

Or run the command for each workspace within the 'packages' folder:

    npm run test --workspace=packages

It's also possible to use the `workspaces` (plural) configuration option to enable the same behavior but running that command in the context of all configured workspaces. e.g:

    npm run test --workspaces

Will run the `test` script in both `./packages/a` and `./packages/b`.

Commands will be run in each workspace in the order they appear in your `package.json`

    {
      "workspaces": [ "packages/a", "packages/b" ]
    }

Order of run is different with:

    {
      "workspaces": [ "packages/b", "packages/a" ]
    }

### Ignoring missing scripts

It is not required for all of the workspaces to implement scripts run with the `npm run` command.

By running the command with the `--if-present` flag, npm will ignore workspaces missing target script.

    npm run test --workspaces --if-present

### See also

- npm install
- npm publish
- npm run
- config